The Spirit and the Word (John 14:25-26; 16:12-15)

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In Lewis Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass, Humpty Dumpty said, “When I use a word, it means just what I choose it to mean – neither more nor less.” After explaining the meaning he chooses for one word, Alice says, “That’s a great deal to make one word mean.” One word that Christians and non-Christians alike toss around a lot is the word inspiration. Often times, we are making that one word mean a great deal. You may hear someone say, “I was inspired as I did this or that,” or something like, “Handel’s Messiah is an inspired (or inspirational, or inspiring) piece of music.” I don’t think most of us would have trouble understanding what someone means when he or she says those things. But there is another sense, a more important one, in which we use the word inspiration of the Bible, and we mean something altogether different.

When we speak of the inspiration of the Scriptures, we are making a statement about the source, or origin, of the Bible. We are saying that it has come to us from God Himself. Paul says in 2 Timothy 3:16, ““All Scripture is inspired by God (or God-breathed).” In 2 Peter 1:21, Peter explains how inspiration works as He says that “men moved by the Holy Spirit spoke from God” (2 Pet 1:21). This is the very same idea that Jesus Himself has about the Bible. An example of this is found in Mark 12:36, when Jesus quotes Psalm 110:1 and prefaces it by saying, “David himself said in (or by) the Holy Spirit.” Again in Matthew 24:15, Jesus speaks of words which came, not from, but through Daniel the prophet. Jesus rightly understood and proclaimed that what was written in the Scriptures did not originate in the minds of the human authors, but it was the Word of God coming to mankind through these inspired writings. This is what we mean when we use the word inspiration in reference to the Bible. The Holy Spirit inspired, or breathed out, the words that the human writers recorded as a means of God revealing Himself to the world.

Now, in our text today from John 14 and John 16, we have very specific promises that relate to the Holy Spirit’s work in the inspiration of Scripture. While many of the promises of Jesus apply equally to all Christians, these do not. There are indicators in the context of these passages that tell us that He is speaking directly to His apostles, and that these promises are for them in a special way. He says, “These things I have spoken to you while abiding with you” (14:25); “He will … bring to your remembrance all that I said to you” (14:26); “I have many more things to say to you, but you cannot bear them now” (16:12). Many Christians would protest this notion because these passages are often misapplied in various ways by Christians who believe that they were intended as general promises for all believers. I have known many Christians who espoused some unusual idea, and blamed it on these verses by saying that the Holy Spirit had guided them into the truth beyond what was recorded in the Word of God. This simply cannot be, because these promises refer explicitly to the Spirit’s inspiration of the revelation that is recorded for us in the Word of God. It would be contrary to God’s nature for Him to lead someone into some notion that opposed this inspired Word. You need to understand that a good many cults have been founded on a misunderstanding and misapplication of these promises. Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism, and to some degree even Muhammad, the founder of Islam, just to name a few, tried to convince their followers that the Holy Spirit had given them new and improved information over what was recorded in Scripture on the basis of this promise. We must not follow in their example. Instead, we must understand these passages as the Lord Jesus intended when He spoke it, and as the Spirit of God intended as He inspired it. Because this is, after all, the whole point of the passages.

While there is application for all Christians to be found in these promises, we need to understand that they relate specifically to the ministry of the Holy Spirit in inspiring the writings of the New Testament. Through these apostles and their close associates, God would complete His Written Word to man. And because He has done that, we have the confidence that these writings are infallible, inerrant, authoritative, and sufficient for all matters of Christian faith and practice. In the inspired writings of the Old and New Testaments, we have what the Baptist Faith and Message calls “a perfect treasure of divine instruction,” having “God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its matter.” So, let us consider what these promises entail concerning the Spirit and the Word, and how those truths apply to us today.

I. The Spirit has inspired a trustworthy account of Jesus’ words and works (14:25-26)

If past trends are any indicator, I imagine that in soon coming weeks as we approach Easter, we will see magazine covers and television programs touting the recent discovery of some new, lost Gospels that uncover hidden mysteries about the person of Jesus Christ. The problem with these claims is evident in almost every word of their description. In most cases, the discoveries are not recent, but date back decades. The documents are not new, they were not lost, and they are not Gospels. In almost every case, what has been found was an old writing that circulated briefly and in somewhat limited circles. When Christians first laid their eyes on them, they recognized that the things written in them were not true, because they did not bear the marks of apostolic authenticity, and they contradicted or denied truths that were written in the apostolic writings. These books were not “lost,” but rather, they simply disappeared from use and circulation almost immediately as their errors was exposed. The Church already had trustworthy writings, inspired by the Holy Spirit, and penned by the Apostles of Jesus Christ and their associates. They did not need man-made fabrications to fill in the gaps or supply further information.

In verse 25 of John 14, Jesus says, “These things I have spoken to you while abiding with you.” During the time that Jesus was with His apostles, He said and did many things. It would be their responsibility to record those things to be passed on to future generations of Christians. But, surely they would not have a perfect recollection of everything He said and did, nor does it seem that they even understood everything He said and did in the moment. So how can we trust that these ordinary, forgetful, and sometimes dense men could record an inerrant and infallible history of the things Jesus said and did? On their own, they likely could not. But they would not do this on their own. Jesus promised that the Holy Spirit would enable them to do this.

In verse 26, Jesus says, “But the Helper, the Holy Spirit, whom the Father will send in My name, He will teach you all things, and bring to your remembrance all that I said to you.” In teaching them all things, He was helping them understand the meaning and significance of the things that they witnessed. For example, in John 12, we read of Jesus coming into Jerusalem on Palm Sunday, riding on a donkey, and heralded by the praises of the people. The apostles saw these things happen, but they did not realize how significant the moment was and how these things were actually fulfilling divinely inspired Old Testament prophecies. So, John says, “These things His disciples did not understand at the first; but when Jesus was glorified, then they remembered that these things were written of Him, and that they had done these things to Him.” The Spirit was teaching them all things and bringing to their remembrance what they had witnessed Jesus saying and doing, just as Jesus promises them here in our text.

So, we have this collection of four authentic and authoritative writings which the Spirit inspired through the apostles and their associates: Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. Matthew and John were apostles. They were present in the Upper Room when Jesus spoke this promise, and the Gospels which bear their names are the product of this promise. But what of Mark and Luke? These men were not apostles, so why do we give their writings equal credence with Matthew and John? Well, it is a well established fact that Mark was recording the accounts of Jesus Christ which he had heard and learned from the apostle Peter. It would be just as fitting to call the Gospel of Mark, “The Gospel of Peter.” Similarly, Luke was writing the account of the life of Christ in his Gospel which he had gathered as he accompanied the apostle Paul on his travels. Luke’s Gospel is essentially “The Gospel According to Paul.” Paul is unique in his standing as an apostle, for he was not an original apostle, but was chosen singularly by the Risen Lord Jesus to be an apostle. Therefore Paul was as much a party to these same promises as those in the Upper Room when Jesus spoke them. And this mark of apostolic authenticity extends to their close companions who were recording, by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, what they had seen and heard through the apostles.

So, when you read the Gospels, you are not reading the haphazard and unreliable journals of men; these writings are the Word of God, inspired by the Holy Spirit, in fulfillment of the promise we read here in John 14. Because they are inspired by God, that means that they are completely true and trustworthy, and contain no error or contradiction. Sometimes people say there are contradictions between accounts found in, say, John and Luke or Matthew or Mark. However, not a single one of these alleged contradictions is without explanation. Usually the accounts either refer to different incidents, or else they are complementary accounts, with one providing details that the other has omitted. The Holy Spirit Himself bears witness to the veracity of the accounts of the words and works of Jesus Christ found in the four Gospels in our New Testament. This promise assures us of that.

II. The Spirit has inspired trustworthy guidance for Christian doctrine and practice (16:12-13a)

Jesus says in John 16:12, “I have many more things to say to you.” He had said plenty to them, but there was more to be said. But Jesus says, “you cannot bear them now.” In part, they could not bear the further information because they were overcome with sorrow. When we are in “crisis mode,” we have a hard time processing an overload of information, and Jesus knows that about us. But also, there would be no way that the disciples could possibly comprehend at this moment all the implications that the crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ have on the Christian life. But when the Spirit comes, because He is the Spirit of truth, He will guide them into all the truth. What He will reveal to the apostles is a continuation, as it were, of the very teachings of Jesus. He says, “He will not speak on His own initiative, but whatever He hears, He will speak.” He will speak to them of the matters of Christian doctrine and practice that are set forth throughout the New Testament, especially the epistles, or letters. So, we have a true and trustworthy collection of information and instruction on what we believe and how we are to live as Christians, and how we are to function as a church. These are things that Jesus did not specifically teach during His earthly life, but which He has taught through the Holy Spirit as the New Testament writings were inspired.

For example, in 1 Corinthians 7, the Apostle Paul is giving instructions on marriage and divorce, and he says in verse 10, “To the married I give instructions, not I but the Lord, that the wife should not leave her husband.” Here, he is restating what Jesus Himself said in several instances in the Gospels about the permanence of marriage (Matt 5:32; 19:3-9; Mk 10:2-12; Lk 6:18). But then in verse 12, Paul says, “To the rest I say, not the Lord, that if any brother has a wife who is an unbeliever, and she consents to live with him, he must not divorce her.” Again later in verse 25, he says, “Now concerning virgins I have no command of the Lord, but I give an opinion as one who by the mercy of the Lord is trustworthy.” Some would point to passages like these and say that we have opposing teachings between Jesus and Paul, and therefore they choose to reject Paul’s teachings. But Paul is not saying that his words here bear less weight than those of the Lord Jesus, he is merely saying that Jesus did not teach this in the Gospels, but is teaching it through the ministry of the Holy Spirit in the inspired writings. “By the mercy of the Lord,” he says, through the ministry of the Holy Spirit, he is able to give authoritative direction for the Christian life in these inspired writings. So he concludes that chapter by saying, almost with a hint of sarcasm in his voice, “and I think that I also have the Spirit of God.”

We see how we are to view the New Testament writings when we consider how the apostles view one another’s writings. For example, in 1 Timothy 5:18, Paul writes, “the Scripture says, … ‘The laborer is worthy of his wages.’” This statement is not found anywhere in Scripture except in the words of Jesus recorded in Luke 10:10. So, Paul uses the word “Scripture,” which would be understood by his original audience to mean the inspired, infallible, and authoritative Word of God, to refer to the writings of Luke. Again, in 2 Peter 3:15, Peter says of “all” of Paul’s letters that in them, “some things are hard to understand, which the untaught and unstable distort, as they do also the rest of the Scriptures, to their own destruction.” So here, Peter considers the entire collection of Paul’s writings to be “Scripture,” the Word of God. Therefore, he warns us to not distort these things, even though there may be difficult sayings found in them, because these writings have their origin in God Himself. Now, if you take the writings of Paul and the writings of Luke as Scripture, you have around 60% of the New Testament. And, by extension, we could say the same of the rest of the New Testament because those writings also bear the same mark of apostolic, Spirit-inspired, authenticity.

So, friends, when we come to the Scriptures, including the New and Old Testament, we come to a collection of Spirit-inspired, infallible and inerrant writings which are authoritative and sufficient for all matters of the Christian life. We draw our doctrines, our ethics, and our practices from the Bible. As 2 Timothy 3:16-17 says, “All Scripture is inspired by God and profitable for teaching, for reproof, for correction for training in righteousness; so that the man of God may be adequate, equipped for every good work.”

III. The Spirit has inspired trustworthy information about the things to come (16:13c)

CNN has at times used the slogan “Tomorrow’s Headlines Today.” But it is not as though they are telling you anything about the future. They are reporting past events, they are just reporting them sooner than the printed paper is able to. No one can report with accuracy about the future – no one, that is, except God. In Isaiah 46:9-10, He says, “I am God, and there is no one like Me, declaring the end from the beginning, and from ancient times things which have not been done.” If we are to know anything trustworthy about the future, God would have to reveal it to us. He has done this by His Holy Spirit through the writings of Scripture. Jesus said to His apostles that the Holy Spirit would “disclose to you what is to come.” In saying this, Jesus was pointing them forward to the things that would take place in the distant future concerning His return and the consummation of His kingdom at the end of the age.

Throughout the New Testament, we find many promises and prophecies about the things to come. Some of them were stated by Jesus Himself in the Gospels. The Spirit gave the writers recall to record them accurately. Some are stated in the letters, as the Spirit was guiding the apostles into the truth. And then we find that great concentration of New Testament prophecy in the book of Revelation, which God made known to John (the writer of this Gospel and three New Testament epistles) while he was imprisoned on the island of Patmos. Some people have told me over the years that they are afraid of studying the book of Revelation. But you don’t have to be afraid of it. If you are a believer in Christ, then this book promises you that Christ will triumph in the end, and you will be with Him! I suppose if you are not a believer then there is much there to fear, but not if you are saved! We are actually promised a blessing in Revelation 1:3, “Blessed is he who reads and those who hear the words of the prophecy, and heed the things which are written in it; for the time is near.” It is not all easy to understand, for sure. If it was, there wouldn’t so many competing views on end times among Christian scholars. But the things which are most important for us to know are plainly revealed.

So if you want to know what the future holds, you need to turn to the Bible, for only God can tell the future with any degree of accuracy. And what God says about the future is recorded for us in Scripture, and because it has been inspired by the Holy Spirit, it is true and trustworthy.

Now finally, notice the last part of this promise:

IV. All that the Spirit has inspired brings glory to Jesus Christ (v14).

When we read the Bible, we are all reading the same truths. The words may vary from one translation to another, and that is another subject for another day, but the basic data that we are analyzing is the same for us all. So, why do we not all agree with one another on what the Bible teaches? We have different interpretations of what we read there. Every word of the Bible is completely true and trustworthy, because every word of the Bible was inspired by the Holy Spirit. But our interpretations of the Bible are not inspired and therefore our interpretations are not always true and trustworthy.

There are some important keys to interpretation that we have to keep in mind as we study the Bible. And one of those keys is stated right here in verse 14. Jesus said that the Holy Spirit “will glorify Me” in the inspiration of the written Word of God. So, one of the keys to our right interpretation of the Bible is that we must see how each and every passage points us to the glory of God in Christ. It all does. Jesus said this Himself in Luke 24:44 among other places. There He said, “all things which are written about Me in the Law of Moses and the Prophets and the Psalms must be fulfilled.” The Law, the Prophets, and the Psalms are the three sections of the Hebrew Old Testament, and Jesus said that all of it pointed to Him. The same is true of the New Testament writings. It all points to Him. So if our interpretations do not center on the person and saving work of Jesus Christ, we need to ask if we have truly grasped the intended meaning of the text.

I heard someone say once that the closer we stand to the trunk of the tree, the less likely we will get out on a limb. There are some interpretations of Scripture that are truly out on a limb. That’s because they have not stayed close to the root of the tree, and the root of the tree is Jesus Christ. All Scripture points us to Jesus, and in it the Holy Spirit is bringing glory to Jesus. That should be our aim as we interpret the Bible as well. And of course, Christ will be most glorified in our reading and studying of Scripture if we do not merely come to the Bible as scholars on a fact-finding mission, but as worshipers and servants who are committed to trusting and obeying what the Spirit has inspired for our edification there. Ultimately, it doesn’t matter as much how much Scripture you know as it does how much you obey of what you do know.

I want to make a few quick points of application here as we close:

• First, friends, I want to assure you today, according to the promise that Jesus made concerning the ministry of the Holy Spirit through His apostles, that you can trust your Bible. The Holy Spirit has inspired these writings so they are inerrant, infallible, true and trustworthy, and they have authority over every area of our lives. And not only is it true, it is sufficient. It is enough. The Bible tells us everything that God desired to reveal about who He is, how we can know Him, and how we can live for Him. Nothing is left out. We do not need more information. We do not need the Gospel of Thomas or the Gospel of Judas, the Book of Mormon or the Quran. We have a Holy Spirit-inspired Bible! So as we build our lives and our church, we build on the Word of God, for His Word is the only solid rock we have. All other ground is sinking sand. Everything we believe, everything we do, as Christians and as a church must be rooted in this book, and this book is what we must return to time and time again to measure all that is done and all that we believe. 
• Second, because the Bible is the inspired revelation of God, then we must insist that it be the basis of all that is said here in this pulpit – whether by me, Jack, any guest speaker, or any future pastor you may have. Not only this, but the Bible must be the basis of all that is taught in our Sunday School classes and every other kind of gathering that takes place. And the Bible must be the basis of our witness as we interact with nonbelievers. Because the Spirit has inspired these words, these are the words that God has promised to bless and use to accomplish His work in the lives of people and in the world.
• Third, if you are a Christian, then the same Holy Spirit who inspired this revelation in the Word of God lives within you. The divine author is available to guide you as you read and study the Bible. I have a lot of friends who have written some good books. When I read those books and I have questions, I can call or email them and ask them and they tell me what they meant when they said those things. Friends, we can do the same with the Bible because the Holy Spirit who inspired these writings is able to illuminate our understanding as we read them.

God has gone to great lengths to give us His Word in written form. He has inspired it, so that it stands as a written revelation of who He is, what He does, and how we can know and live for Him. We neglect, ignore, or distort this Book only to our own peril. We affirm what our Confession of Faith sets forth:

The Holy Bible was written by men divinely inspired and is God's revelation of Himself to man. It is a perfect treasure of divine instruction. It has God for its author, salvation for its end, and truth, without any mixture of error, for its matter. Therefore, all Scripture is totally true and trustworthy. It reveals the principles by which God judges us, and therefore is, and will remain to the end of the world, the true center of Christian union, and the supreme standard by which all human conduct, creeds, and religious opinions should be tried. All Scripture is a testimony to Christ, who is Himself the focus of divine revelation.

Looking Ahead to Easter (John 14:19-24)

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When you look in your bulletin and see that the title of today’s message is “Looking Ahead to Easter,” I know some of you may be thinking, “We knew his watch was broken, we didn’t know his calendar was too!” Well, I fully realize that Easter is 2 months away, but there is a sense in which every Sunday is Easter for the Christian. In fact the reason why Christians worship on Sunday is to commemorate the resurrection of Jesus Christ. Really every day is Easter for the Christian because every day we live in the sure and certain hope of a Christ who conquered death for us.

In our text today, Jesus speaks to His disciples about the promises of Easter before the first Easter Sunday takes place. As Jesus speaks, it is late Thursday night. On Friday, the next day, Jesus will die on the cross. And as Jesus seeks to comfort them in the face of His impending death, He points them here to Easter Sunday to reassure them that His death will not be the end. There are three Easter promises that He gives to them here to point them beyond the horror of the cross to the glory of His resurrection. In the same way, these promises speak to the hearts of all who follow Him today. As we live in broken down bodies in a fallen world that has been ravaged by sin, the promises of Easter assure us that, no matter what comes our way, there are blessings that only the follower of Christ can cling to when everything around us seems to be going terribly wrong.

I. The Promise of Unending Fellowship: You will see Me (v19a)

As C. S. Lewis chronicled his journey through the grief of losing his wife to cancer, he wrote, “I have no photograph of her that’s any good. I cannot even see her face distinctly in my imagination.”[1] This is one of the most troubling realities of grief, that we will no longer see the face of the one we love. Jesus knew that the hearts of His followers were troubled. They had left everything behind to follow Him. Every day for three years, they had seen Him. Now He was leaving them behind, and all they could think of is that they would never see Him again.

Jesus said, “After a little while the world will no longer see Me.” Undoubtedly, for some in the world, this would be exactly what they were hoping for. Jesus was a troublemaker in their minds. The Pharisees, the chief priests, Herod, Pilate, and a multitude of others were hoping they would never have to lay eyes on Jesus again. And to their own destruction, they would get their wish. They would never again see His face. “But,” Jesus said to His followers, “you will see Me.”

For a little while, they would not see Him. Most of them scattered when He was arrested. As far as we know, only one of them watched Him die. When He was buried, only the women were present, along with Nicodemus and Joseph of Arimathea – none of whom were present when Jesus spoke these words. But after a little while, these men would see Him again. After He arose from the dead, Jesus appeared to them. It was not a vision or a hallucination – it was Jesus in His glorified body, really present and really visible to them. They saw Him again. But only they saw Him. The unbelieving world did not see Him. In all of His resurrection appearances, if we leave aside His appearance to Paul on the Damascus Road, He never appeared in the presence of unbelievers. The promise was for Jesus’ followers: “You will see Me.” This was the promise of unending fellowship. His departure from them was only momentary. They saw Him again.

But what of us who live two millennia beyond that first Easter? How does this promise secure us in a world filled with hurts and hardships? At Easter, we sing a song that asks, “Were you there when He rose up from the grave?” And the answer is, “No! We weren’t there!” But we see Jesus through the eye of faith. As we believe in the Savior who died for our sins and rose from the dead to save us, we see Him with a plainer view than our eyesight could afford us. We see Him as Lord and Savior of our lives. And we see Him as He works in and through us by His indwelling Spirit. Remember that there is a special blessing attached to those who see Him by faith in this way. Jesus said to Thomas, “Because you have seen Me, have you believed? Blessed are they who did not see, and yet believed” (Jn 20:29). He has promised us unending fellowship with Himself, and He has fulfilled that promise to all who have trusted in Him.

But there is a future aspect of His promise which remains for us. Just as He said to His disciples, so Jesus can assure us, “After a little while … you will see Me.” The day is coming when we will see Jesus face-to-face, with new vision and transformed eyes in heaven. The assurance that we will see our friends and loved ones again in heaven is a great comfort, but there is even greater comfort and hope found in the promise that we will see Jesus. We will look into the face of the One who is both our Maker and Redeemer, and we will see the unfathomable glory of God in His face.

This promise of unending fellowship has a profound effect on a true believer in Christ. In 1 John 3, the Apostle writes, “Beloved, now we are children of God, and it has not appeared as yet what we will be. We know that when He appears, we will be like Him, because we will see Him just as He is. And everyone who has this hope fixed on Him purifies Himself, just as He is pure.” The promise that we will see Jesus face-to-face one day fuels our fight against temptation and sin, because we remember what Jesus said in the Beatitudes: “Blessed are the pure in heart, for they shall see God” (Matt 5:8). When I surrender to temptation, I am choosing to see, or indulge in, something other than the surpassing greatness of God’s glory. That is why all sin is idolatry at its core. It is an elevation of my own desires to a level above God where I serve them and obey them instead of God. But if I want to see God – if that is the driving force behind my life – then I will fight temptation whenever it arises for the sake of the purity of my own heart. I want to keep my heart pure, because I want to see Him more than anything or anyone else.

This promise also provides us with endurance in trials. When we encounter various trials in life (not if, but when), Satan would love to persuade us that God is not present, that He does not love us, that He is not good, and so on. But the promise of unending fellowship here as Jesus says, “You will see Me,” reminds us that He is present, He does love us, and He is good. We have seen Him with the eye of faith. We have seen His goodness and grace at work in and through us on countless “good days” before the bad days ever struck, and we know that we will see Him face-to-face. So when those thoughts arise in the midst of a hardship, we have to keep resting in this promise. Jesus will never leave nor forsake those who have seen Him by faith, and when this world has done all it can do to us, we will see Him face-to-face. That is why Paul is able to say in Romans 8, “For I am convinced that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor things present, nor things to come, nor powers, nor height, nor depth, nor any other created thing, will be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord” (Rom 8:38-39).

Jesus is alive, and we see Him by faith, we see His work being done in and through us, and we will see Him face-to-face. That fuels our endurance to persevere through the trials and temptations of life. So we have this promise of uninterrupted fellowship. The world does not see Jesus, but we have, we do, and we will. We are never alone, never forsaken, never abandoned, not in life and not in death. And this brings us to the second promise.

II. The Promise of Undying Life: You will live (v19b) 

In recent years, there has been a renewed interest in books that fall into a category that some have called “afterlife tourism.” These books claim that the writers have experienced a journey to heaven, or in some cases hell, and have come back to tell us all about what it was like. A couple of weeks ago, there was quite an uproar after the child whose story inspired one of the most popular of these books came clean that the entire tale was fabricated. Alex Malarkey, who was 6 years old when he was in the terrible car accident that sparked the book entitled The Boy Who Went To Heaven, is now 16 and remains a quadriplegic. But he bravely confessed in an open letter that he made the story up in order to get attention. Alex said, “People have profited from lies, and continue to. They should read the Bible, which is enough.” Amen. After all, Jesus Himself said, “No one has ascended into heaven, but He who descended from heaven: the Son of Man.” When we want to know about heaven, we should look to what His word says and trust that it is enough! So many of these books present accounts of heaven which not only contradict each other, but also contradict the Bible!

Jesus offers us so much more than these stories can! He says, “Because I live, you will live also.” This is not a promise that we can visit heaven temporarily and come back to live on earth, only to suffer, grieve, hurt, and ultimately die again. He promises us an undying life just as He Himself has.

Having spoken often to His disciples about His impending death, Jesus now says, “Because I live ….” He is looking beyond the cross to His resurrection. He will die. He will be really dead – not just passed out or in a coma – DEAD! He knew He was going to be dead, and yet He says, “Because I live.” He knew that death would not be the end. His followers would see Him again – on earth even – as He overcame death by His resurrection. He would be alive just as surely as He was dead. In Revelation 1:18, Jesus says, “I was dead and behold I am alive forevermore.” Jesus is the only person who can speak of His own death in the past tense.

But notice that His resurrection is tied to a promise He is making to His disciples. “Because I live, you will live also.” In Jesus’ death, He took all of our sins upon Himself, and died to receive the full penalty that we deserve. When He uttered from the cross, “My God, My God, why have You forsaken Me?”, He was receiving the full outpouring of wrath and condemnation that you and I have earned because of our sins. We deserve to be forsaken by God, condemned and cast out from His presence. But Jesus took this for us. By His resurrection, He demonstrated that our sin and its penalty of death and wrath had been fully defeated. Therefore, for the Christian, death does not have to be feared. Death is not the end, and it is not the entryway into judgment for the one who believes in Christ. It is the entryway into life everlasting.

In 1 Corinthians 15, Paul says:

If Christ has not been raised, your faith is worthless; you are still in your sins. Then those have fallen asleep in Christ have perished. … But now Christ has been raised from the dead, the first fruits of those who are asleep. For since by a man came death, by a man also came the resurrection of the dead. For as in Adam all die, so also in Christ all will be made alive. But each in his own order: Christ the first fruits, after that those who are Christ’s at His coming, then comes the end, when He hands over the kingdom to the God and Father, when He has abolished all rule and all authority and power. For He must reign until He has put all His enemies under His feet. The last enemy that will be abolished is death (1 Cor 15:17-18, 20-26).

And because death has been abolished by the resurrection of Christ for all who trust in Him, that great chapter concludes by saying, “Death is swallowed up in victory. O death, where is your victory? O death where is your sting? The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law; but thanks be to God who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.” (1 Cor 15:54-57). So death is defeated for the Christian because the Lord Jesus lives. And because He lives, we will live also. But it will not be life as we have known it. It will be a new life, an eternal life, an undying life, in the splendors of heaven and the presence of God. John recorded what he saw in his vision of heaven in Revelation 21: “Behold, the tabernacle of God is among men, and He will dwell among them, and they shall be His people, and God Himself will be among them, and He will wipe away every tear from their eyes; and there will no longer be any death; there will no longer be any mourning, or crying, or pain; the first things have passed away” (Rev 21:3-4). This is life as God intended us to live! And it is ours if we have trusted in Christ. Because He lives, we will live also.

There is great help for a Christian in this promise. No matter what comes our way, the worst thing that can happen to us in this world is death. But Christ has defeated death so that it is powerless against us. In Him, we are more than conquerors! So as Christians we do not need to fear death. Death is an enemy, but it is an enemy that has been defeated on our behalf through the death and resurrection of Christ. He has given us the promise of undying life. Because He lives, we will live also.

Now we come to the third promise:

III. The Promise of Unshakable Assurance: You will know (vv20-24)

When I was in seminary, my favorite class was one that many students tried to avoid. But every Thursday morning at 7 am(!) I took my seat with great anticipation and eagerness in the lecture hall to hear Dr. Bruce Little teach on Epistemology. Epistemology is essentially the study of knowledge. What do we really know, and how do we know it, and how do we know that we know it? Epistemology is intensely relevant and practical because all day, every day, we are making countless decisions based on what we know, or what we think we know. When it comes to our Christian faith, epistemology has an important role as well. We say we believe certain things. We say we know certain things. But how do we know them? How do we know that we know them? Is there a difference between what we believe and what we know? These are eternally important questions. When the Apostle John wrote his first epistle, one of his stated purposes was this: “These things I have written to you who believe in the name of the Son of God, so that you may know that you have eternal life” (1 John 5:13). He wants the believers to become knowers. And so does Jesus. He says to those who believe in Him here, “In that day, you will know.” And He explains what we know, how we know, and how we know that we know.

Let’s look at what He says about how we know. He says, “In that day.” What day? It is the day that His followers would see Him; the day in which, after His death, He would be found to be alive. So the basis of what we know is the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is the basis for all Christian belief and knowledge. We do not determine our beliefs on personal opinion or preference, or emotion or feeling. Our beliefs are based on what Jesus said and what Jesus did. But why should we believe what Jesus says – about the Bible, about Himself, about us, about life, death, heaven, hell, or anything else? Well, the only reason to believe Him is if He is able to demonstrate His own trustworthiness. He claimed to be God. That would be pretty easy to disprove. If you kill Him, and He stays dead, then He isn’t God. If He says, “I am going to be killed and then rise from the dead,” but He doesn’t rise from the dead, then He is a liar and He cannot be trusted. But, He did rise from the dead, just as He said He would. His resurrection demonstrates the veracity of all that He said, and therefore we can trust Him. We do not trust our feelings or our opinions; we trust Jesus Christ on the basis of what He has done for us. You might wake up tomorrow morning and say, “I don’t feel like I am a Christian. I don’t feel that God is near to me, and I don’t feel that He loves me.” Thankfully, it is not about how you feel. What are the facts? What do you believe? Do you believe that Jesus died for your sins on the cross and rose from the dead? Have you personally trusted in Him on that basis? Then those historical facts become the basis for what you know to be true. That’s how we know.

Now what do we know? He said, “In that day, you will know that I am in My Father and you in Me, and I in you.” This is the content of our assurance. Because Jesus died and rose again, we know that He is in the Father. That is to say, He and the Father are one, and that Jesus is both fully God and fully man in one divine Person. Jesus said that. It is a bold claim. But He backed it up when He demonstrated His power over death in His resurrection. We know that He is God in the flesh, and that He is mighty save because He is in the Father.

Because Jesus died and rose again, we also know that we are in Him. To be “in Christ” is to be united with Him in His life, His death, and His resurrection. The Bible has many promises for us because we are “in Christ.” For example, in Philippians 3 Paul says that He longs to “be found in Him, not having a righteousness of my own derived from the Law, but that which is through faith in Christ…” (Php 3:7-9). So, when we are in Him, we are not viewed by God on the basis of our own merits, and that is a good thing, since all of our works are but filthy rags in His sight anyway (Isa 64:6). Instead we are viewed in Christ, so that God sees us clothed (or covered) in the righteousness of Jesus Christ. He does not treat us, receive us, or respond to us as we deserve, but as Christ deserves, because we are in Him. We know that we are saved because we are in Him, and we know that we are in Him on the basis of His death and resurrection.

And then Jesus says we will also know in that day that He is in us. When Jesus died and rose again, He ascended to His Father and sent the Holy Spirit to indwell all who trust in Him (cf. vv16-18). In a very real way, Jesus lives in His followers. He says in verse 23 that He and His Father will come and “make Our abode” with the one who loves Him. He has done this in the person of the Holy Spirit. He lives within us, empowering us to live the Christian life in obedience to God, transforming our desires to reflect the will of God, and shaping us into Christlikeness. We know this because Jesus has died and rose again.

We do not have to doubt these things, we know them. The content of our assurance is that Christ is in the Father, we are in Him, and He is in us. The basis of it is His death and resurrection. Jesus also speaks of the evidence of these things. This is how we know that we know. The first thing He speaks of as evidence of our assurance is the evidence of a personal relationship -- our love for Him, and His love for us. He said, “He who loves Me will be loved by My Father, and I will love Him.” Friends, before you were a Christian, you did not love God. You were a rebel to His will. But suddenly, and somewhat inexplicably, you came to grieve your sin and the gulf that separated you from God and you longed to please Him because you found yourself falling in love with Him. This is the evidence of regeneration, new birth, and genuine conversion. You were responding to God’s love by loving Him, and resting in His love for you. You may say, “But doesn’t God love everyone?” Indeed He does. But you know from your own life experiences that there are different kinds of love. You love your parents, your children, your spouse, your friends and neighbors. But you do not love them all in the same way. So God loves all people, but He has a unique and special love for those who love Him and come to Him by faith in the Lord Jesus. One of the assurances that we have of His love for us is that we ourselves are growing more and more in love with the Him.

That brings us to the second evidence of our assurance. How do we know that we love Jesus? He says that if we love Him, we will obey Him. This is the evidence of practical devotion. For many who say that they love God, it is merely lip service. True love for God manifests itself in obedience to Him. Jesus said, “He who has My commandments and keeps them is the one who loves Me” (v21). Again in verse 23, “If anyone loves Me, he will keep My word;” and in verse 24, “He who does not love Me does not keep My words.” There was a time in our lives when we did not desire to obey God. But since coming to faith in Christ, our desires are changing. We want to do what is pleasing to Him. How can we explain that? The only explanation is that Christ is transforming us. We are not yet perfected, and we won’t be in this life in this world, but we are growing to love obedience! We do not find ourselves obeying because we have to, but because we want to. Practical devotion, an obedience that flows from love for Christ, is an evidence of our assurance.

That brings us then to the final evidence of assurance here – that of profound interaction. Jesus said that He will disclose Himself to the one who loves and obeys Him. This disclosure, or revelation, of Himself comes to us through the very word that He has given us to obey. And these words, Jesus said, are not His only, but the Father’s who sent Him (v24). But, here’s the thing. Once upon a time, you and I very likely looked at the Bible as merely a book. Perhaps a special book, or an important book, but it was still just a book. Maybe some have looked upon it as a collection of religious rules and regulations. But something happens to us when we are saved. We begin to view this book differently. Now it becomes a place where we turn to meet with God. When we read it, we are hearing God speak to us. He is pouring His truth into our hearts and we find ourselves, not interacting with words on paper, but with the living God through those words. So one of the evidences of our assurance is this profound interaction that we have as we meditate upon His word, because there we have found that Jesus discloses Himself to us.

So, we have this promise of unshakable assurance. Because Jesus has died and rose again, we know that He is in the Father, that we are in Him, and that He is in us. And the evidence that we truly know this is found in our personal love relationship with Him, in our practical devotion of obedience to His will, and in our profound interaction with Him in His word.

Because of Jesus’ victory over death in His resurrection, He makes three specific promises here: you will see Me; you will live; and you will know. The promise of unending fellowship enables us to endure the hardships of life and overcome temptation and sin. The promise of undying life liberates us from the fear of death. And the promise of unshakable assurance guards us against the doubts that arise from our feelings, experiences, and emotions by anchoring us to the bedrock foundation of Jesus’ death and resurrection. But these promises are only for those who have trusted in Christ as Lord and Savior. If you have, then the promises are yours. Trust them. Rest in them, because you know the One who has promised them, and you know His promises are steadfast. If you have never turned to the Lord Jesus and trusted Him to save you, you can do that today. He has taken your sin and its penalty upon Himself in His death, and He has overcome sin and death for you in His resurrection. This is why we are told that if we confess with our mouths that Jesus is Lord and believe in our hearts that God raised Him from the dead, we will be saved. You can have uninterrupted fellowship with Him; an undying life like His own; and the unshakable assurance that God-in-Christ has saved you and lives within you as you trust in Him.

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[1] C. S. Lewis, A Grief Observed (New York: Bantam, 1963), 16.

The Magnificent Promise (John 14:12-18)

Audio

During the 1920s, the great American missionary, E. Stanley Jones returned from the Indian subcontinent to share about the slow advance of the Gospel there. He told of a conversation that he had with Mahatma Gandhi, in which he asked Gandhi, “What would you suggest that we do” to “see Christianity naturalized in India, so that it shall be no longer a foreign thing identified with a foreign people and a foreign government…?” Gandhi replied, “I would suggest, first, that all of you Christians … must begin to live more like Jesus Christ. … Second … I would suggest that you must practice your religion without adulterating or toning it down.” As Jones reflected on this, he confessed, “We are inoculating the world with a mild form of Christianity, so that it is now practically immune against the real thing.” [1]

If you were to survey a multitude of unbelievers around the world today, you may likely find the same sort of attitudes about Christianity and Christians. It is not uncommon for one of our college students to come to me and ask for my response to something that one of their professors has said concerning Christianity. Christians have been accused of imposing Western culture and ideals on the indigenous peoples of Africa, South America, and Asia. Christians have been accused of subjugating women. Christians are often viewed as a sort of medieval version of Al-Qaeda who marched through the near east with the sword in one hand and the Bible in the other on a “convert or be killed” crusade. Some of the allegations are entirely fabricated, and ignore the valuable contributions that Christians have made around the world. No movement in history has done more to uphold the rights of women than Christianity, and none has done more good in the areas of medical care, education, poverty, hunger, and providing care for orphans, widows, and other underprivileged people. Still, there are those episodes in Church History, and even in the present day, in which the church has conducted itself very much unlike the Christ whom it claimed to follow.

When those around us are able to draw so sharp a line of distinction between the Christians and the Christ whom we claim to represent, we have to confess that we are failing to live out the promise of Jesus Christ for His people. Jesus made many promises – some of them for the days past, some awaiting future fulfillment; some conditional, some unconditional; some for specific individuals, some universal for all people, and some general for all who trust in Him as their Lord and Savior. Today we come to one of the most magnificent of these promises. This promise applies to anyone and everyone “who believes in” Him (v12). He says, “Truly, truly, I say to you.” Every word Jesus said is true, but when He begins with this phrase, He is calling attention to something of unusual importance.[2] And when the promise is spoken, we see how unusually magnificent it is. It would have been sufficiently unfathomable if Jesus had merely said, “he who believes in Me, the works that I do, he will also do.” But He actually goes further to say, “and greater works than these he will do.”

Are you a believer in Christ? If so, then Jesus has given you the magnificent promise that you will do, not only what He has done, but even greater things than this! The very thought of it is staggering. The world around us asks why we are not more like Christ, why we do not do the things that Jesus did. They ask too little of us, for Jesus has called us and promised us that we would do even greater things than He did. In order to live out the promise, we must understand it. That is our aim today: to understand this magnificent promise, and to live it out by the power which is promised to us here in the words of the Lord Jesus.

I. The promise of greater works (v12a-b)

When we compare the magnificence of this promise with the realities we see in the Christian Church throughout history and today, we may deduce one of three conclusions. Most simply, we may conclude that Jesus was mistaken; He simply overpromised what we are able to deliver. But any conclusion that involves Jesus being mistaken has taken a wrong turn somewhere, so we can rule that one out immediately. Another conclusion is to assume that Jesus was talking about the raw demonstration of power that we often see at work in His miracles. I was speaking in a Bible conference last November, and during the Q&A, one of those in attendance brought this verse up and asked me, “Why can’t we do the stuff anymore?” Since we do not see demonstrations of divine power like Jesus did in His miracles of healing, alterations of natural processes, and even invalidating death, we may try to limit the application of the promise to the apostles only. There is good reason to do that because of the unique role that the apostles played in the process of revelation. Throughout the book of Acts, particularly in the first half of the book, we do see the apostles doing miracles. God was using these miracles to provide authentication to the revelation that He was bringing into the world through the preaching and writing of these men. So, we might conclude that Jesus was talking about miracles, and He was only promising this to the apostles. This is obviously not true, because He says, “he who believes in Me,” implying that this promise is valid for every Christian of every era. Besides that, one cannot conclude that the miracles done by the apostles in the book of Acts were equal to, much less greater than, those done by Jesus Himself. Therefore we may try, as many do, to limit the application in another way. There are some who say that this promise is for all who believe in Him, but the paucity of miracles in our day is due to our lack of genuine faith. They say that we do not enough faith in Him to do these greater works. While it is true that we could always benefit from greater faith in the Lord Jesus, the fact is that Jesus has always done His work through people of limited faith, even in the New Testament. He does not put any qualifiers on the belief of those for whom this promise is given. If you believe in Him in a saving way as Lord and Savior, then this promise is for you. It is not limited to those of more complete or more perfect faith.

So what other option is there? The other option, the correct one in fact, is to understand these “greater works” as something altogether different than the miracles Jesus did. We have to remember that God’s ways and thoughts are higher than ours (Isa 55:8-9). We assume that God’s view of greatness is the same as ours. We may consider the things that Jesus did—walking on water, turning water into wine, healing the sick, raising the dead, etc.—to be the greatest things ever done; but this does not mean that God considers these things to be the greatest things ever done. “Our fixation on the visibly miraculous,” as one writer has said, may be due more to the “scantiness of our knowledge or the vulgarity of our taste” because “physical healings and miracles of nature take place on a level much easier to grasp.”[3] It is not that we have deemed the miracles of Jesus performed in the days of His earthly ministry to be greater than we should. That could hardly be possible. Rather, it is because we have missed the point of His miracles and not rightly understood the surpassing greatness of one miracle that He continues to perform in and through us on a regular basis.

Why did Jesus perform miracles? It was not the reason He came into the world. He was not some sideshow magician who blew into town to perform a few tricks and gather a cult following. No, Jesus came to reveal the Father. In the previous passage, Philip asked Jesus to show him the Father, and Jesus said, “He who has seen Me has seen the Father,” and He pointed to His words and His works as the means by which the Father had been revealed in Him. His miracles were done to demonstrate to the world the truth of who God is, and who He Himself is, and that He has the power to save humanity from the curse of sin. Every healing, every miracle, was a teaching moment by which Jesus was pointing people to the truth of Himself and His saving mission. Every single demonstration of divine power had a singular aim: to reveal God and to draw people to trust in Him. While He was still in the world, Jesus could only present a partial revelation of that saving power, because He had not ultimately accomplished that salvation until His death and resurrection. Having done that, it would be the mission of the church to carry that message into the whole world – a world that Jesus Himself only visited a small portion of – to proclaim the miracle of salvation that comes by grace through faith in Him. The greater work that Jesus promised to His followers is that of seeing lives transformed by His saving power. You and I can do something Jesus never did: We can proclaim the full Gospel of His saving power as a completed act, accomplished once and for all in Him at the cross and the empty tomb, and we can see lives ransomed from the curse of sin and transformed by His grace!

Do we underestimate the greatness of the miracle of salvation? I suppose for many of us, the idea of Christian conversion is merely that of making bad people good, or good people better. That is why we do not place it above the opening of blinded eyes, the healing of lame legs, or the raising of the dead. But in fact, it is greater than all these, and it is what all of these miracles of Christ demonstrated. We may ask it this way: Which is greater, a picture of something, or the thing itself? Obviously the thing itself is greater than the picture. And Jesus’ miracles were pictures of the reality of His power to save us from our sins. Just as Jesus opened the eyes of some who were blind, so those without Christ are blinded by sin, and only the Gospel of Jesus Christ can open their eyes. We are born spiritually lame, unable to take even one step toward God in our own power; but the Gospel gives new legs to lame people and enables us to draw near to God in Christ. And as the Bible says, we are dead in our sins and trespasses, but in the Gospel we may be made alive with Christ. The physical miracles of Jesus were only partial; the miracle of conversion is complete! And it is greater.

When Jesus sent His disciples out on their first mission trip in Luke 10, they returned rejoicing, saying, “Lord, even the demons are subject to us in Your name!” They were astounded that they had been able to do the great things that Jesus had done, even casting out demons. But Jesus responded sharply to them, “Do not rejoice in this, that the spirits are subject to you, but rejoice that your names are recorded in heaven” (Lk 10:17-20). Which did Jesus consider to be the greater miracle: the exorcism of demon-possessed people, or the salvation that belonged to His followers? He considered salvation to be the greater work! And we must consider this as well! When we do, we will not lament that we lack the power to perform signs and wonders, but we will rejoice that we have partaken of the greater miracle of salvation, and that we can share in that work by extending the fair offer of the Gospel to all nations!

Do you want to see the world changed? What is the answer? Should the church boycott businesses that do not support and uphold our values? Should we strive to get the right men and women elected to positions of power? Should we grow louder and louder in our protests of the ills of society? Friends, while there may be a time and place for each of these things, there is more power to change the world in the simple task of evangelism than in all these things combined! The world will only be changed as people’s hearts are changed, and people’s hearts will only be changed by the Gospel of Jesus Christ. The church on a Gospel mission for Jesus Christ is the most powerful force in the world. Our mission as a church is not merely to do whatever it takes to keep the doors open for another generation. Our mission is to open eyes that are blinded, to raise up the spiritually dead, and to restore the spiritually lame, as we proclaim the Gospel of Jesus Christ and watch Him move into the hearts and lives of people in a transforming way. The greater works that are ours to do are the works of making the world know of Christ and Him crucified for their salvation. There is no greater work than this, and no greater miracle than when it happens.

So, this is the promise: we will do greater works than Jesus did, by proclaiming the full gospel to the whole world—the Good News that Christ has come, Christ has died, and Christ has risen again to save sinners! But before we just rush out the door and embark on a fool-hearty mission that is destined to fail in our own self-efforts (as many have), we must examine the power behind this promise.

II. The power for greater works (vv12c-18).

A couple of weeks ago, I arrived at church on one of those frigid Sunday mornings, to be greeted by some disgruntled Sunday School teachers at the door. The second floor classrooms were freezing cold. Well, what could the problem be? The unit is brand new, and all its parts have seemed to function well. The technician who installed it is a smart guy, and he does good work. The thermostat had been set exactly as it should be, according to the written instructions. So what’s the problem? The problem was a little valve in the natural gas line that goes into the furnace. That valve had not been opened, and so the unit was not getting the fuel it needed to produce heat. Once the gas line was opened, the heat kicked in. Friends, the church of Jesus Christ has at times in our long history been just like that furnace. Our founder, the Lord Jesus, did not make any mistakes in establishing His church. We have had people in all the right positions, and we have been busy with a lot of activities. We have an instruction book, the Bible, and we believe it to be true and are trying to do what we do in accordance with what it says. But we see paltry results in the world. Where is the malfunction? I wonder, have we opened the valve for the fuel to enter in? Have we grasped the power that makes the doing of greater things possible? If we were honest with ourselves, we would have to confess that this is the reason that the church has failed to do the greater works that the Lord Jesus promised us. So what is this power behind the greater works? Look at what Jesus says about this. He says that the power for greater works comes from three distinct—but interrelated—sources. They are inseparable, but we must consider them separately in order to understand them.  

            A. The Power of the Exalted Savior (v12c)

Jesus says that all who believe in Him will do what He has done, and even greater things than these, “because I go to the Father.” There are two realties expressed here in this brief statement: one deals with how He is going, and the other deals with where He is going. When Jesus says that He is going to the Father, He is making reference to His impending death and resurrection. The power for greater works is made possible by His atoning sacrifice in dying for our sins and rising from the dead. The death of the Savior makes it possible for the likes of us – sinful people who are separated from God – to be cleansed and forgiven because Jesus has taken our sins upon Himself in His death and received the penalty of our sins on our behalf. Having conquered sin and death for us, He reconciles us to God so that we who were formerly enemies of God could become the children of God, and servants of the Most High. For God to use His only begotten Son to accomplish eternal and divine work in the world is something extraordinary. For Him to use the likes of us to accomplish eternal and divine work is even greater still. And it is only possible because of how Jesus went to the Father through His atoning death and resurrection.

But then there is something here about where Jesus is going that makes it possible for us to do the greater works. When Jesus goes to the Father, He goes to the place of honor – He is exalted at the right hand of the Father. In Psalm 110:1, David wrote, “The Lord says to my Lord: “Sit at My right hand until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet.” Jesus understood this prophecy to refer to His own exaltation, and the writers of the New Testament took it up as their favorite messianic prophecy, quoted more often than any other, upwards of 20 times. At the right hand of the Father, Jesus is our Advocate (1 Jn 2:1), our Mediator (1 Tim 2:5), our Intecessor (Rom 8:34; Heb 7:25), and our Great Provider (Php 4:19), and that brings us to the other two sources of power behind our greater works.

            B. The Power of Effectual Prayer (vv13-15)

Because Jesus is at the right hand of the Father, He is our intermediary in prayer. He promises all who trust in Him, “Whatever you ask in My name, that will I do, so that the Father may be glorified in the Son. If you ask Me anything in My name, I will do it.” This is as magnificent a promise as the promise of greater works, but the two are part and parcel of a singular promise. The reason we can do the greater works is because we have access through Jesus Christ to the throne of God, and we have been invited to come with boldness before Him to request whatsoever we desire. He has promised that this prayer will be heard and answered. Before we assume that God has given us a blank check or promised here to grant our every whim and wish, we need to understand that there are several caveats imbedded in this promise.

Jesus says that He will do whatever we ask in His name. To ask in His name does not mean merely to attach His name to the end of our prayers as if His name is some kind of magical incantation that opens the floodgates of heaven. To pray in His name means several distinct things. First, it is to recognize that Jesus and Jesus alone grants us access to the Father. When Jesus said in John 14:6 that no one comes to the Father but through Him, He was obviously referring to salvation and entrance to eternal life in heaven. But He was also speaking of our way of approach to the Father in other aspects as well, including worship and prayer. We have no right to come before the throne of God in our own name. Our access to Him is because of Jesus Christ, so when we come, we must come in His name. This means that the prayer of the Christian in Jesus’ name is the only prayer that God has promised to answer. That is always a controversial notion, because people like to imagine that God answers the prayers of anyone and everyone. It is true that non-Christians sometimes have their prayers answered. This is because God is loving and good, and is always showing His goodness to all people. But God did not promise to always answer the prayer of anyone and everyone. He promised to answer the prayer of the one who comes to Him in the name of Jesus Christ.

Secondly, to pray in Jesus’ name means to pray in a way that is consistent with the character and nature of Jesus Christ. This is the same thing that is expressed elsewhere as praying “according to His will” (1 Jn 5:14). When we pray in Jesus’ name, we are doing what C. S. Lewis called “dressing up as Christ.” He says, “You are not a being like the Son of God, whose will and interests are at one with those of the Father: you are a bundle of self-centered fears, hopes, greeds, jealousies, and self-conceit.”[4] But when you pray in His name, you are “dressing up as Christ,” and asking for the same sorts of things that Christ Himself would ask for. You are asking God to give to you, or to the one for whom you are praying, not what you or they deserve, but what Jesus Himself deserves. As F. F. Bruce wrote, “A request made in the Son’s name is treated as if the Son made it.” So when we pray in His name, we need to consider what sorts of things Jesus would ask for if He were in this situation, and pray that way.

Finally, to pray in Jesus’ name is to pray with the same purpose in view that Jesus seeks. He says what that purpose is here: “so that the Father may be glorified in the Son.” Throughout the Gospels, Jesus expressly states that His purpose is always to bring glory to His Father. His purpose has not changed. He welcomes us to pray for extraordinary things, for the power to accomplish “greater works”, and when those things align with His purpose of the Father being glorified in the Son, He has promised to answer.

In addition to the caveat of praying in Jesus’ name, we find another one in verse 15: “If you love Me, you will keep My commandments.” This informs us that effective prayers are those that are raised from a life of intimate obedience. He promises to answer the prayers of those who love Him and who demonstrate their love for Him in their personal obedience to the way He has called and commanded us to live. We must take sin seriously in our lives because it has the potential to choke out the power that would be ours through prayer. Psalm 66:18 says, “If I regard wickedness in my heart, the Lord will not hear.” But if we love Him, we will obey Him, and He promises to hear and answer when we pray. First John 3:22 says, “Whatever we ask we receive from Him, because we keep His commandments and do the things that are pleasing in His sight.”

So, when a prayer is prayed in Jesus’ name, from a life of intimate obedience, whether it is directed to the Father or to the Lord Jesus, He says that He will do it. So, as we set out to do the greater works that Christ has called us to in the world, we must remember that the power to do these works comes from Him. He will do the works in and through us as we ask Him to, because He has gone to the Father. Ask Him for anything, yes, but friends there is no greater request to make of Him, and none that He would delight more in granting, than the prayer for the greater work of salvation to occur in the lives of our lost friends and neighbors and the unreached multitudes of the world.

And with this we come to the third source of power behind the greater works that Christ has promised that we will do …

            C. The Power of the Indwelling Spirit (vv16-18)

Because Jesus has gone to the Father, He is in position to grant us what we most desperately need: power from on high to do the greater works that He has called us to. The power to do these works, the power to pray effectively, and the power to live in loving obedience to His commands, does not reside within our human abilities. These are supernatural tasks, and they require supernatural power. So, Jesus has promised us that He will ask the Father, and the Father will give to us another Helper. Though Christ is going to the Father, He promises that the Helper will be us forever. Jesus will not leave His people as orphans in the world. He says that He will come to us. He comes to us in the person of the Helper. And this Helper is the Holy Spirit of God. Jesus promises His followers here that the Holy Spirit who has ever been abiding with His followers will be in you.

The follower of Christ, and only the followers of Christ, become the dwelling place of God the Holy Spirit at the moment we are converted and become disciples of Jesus. He does not indwell all people. Jesus said that the world cannot receive Him, does not see Him, or know Him. The Holy Spirit only comes to live within those who follow Jesus. If praying in Jesus’ name involves us dressing up as Christ, then the indwelling of the Holy Spirit can be likened to Jesus dressing up as us! As the Holy Spirit works in and through us, God-in-Christ is doing His greater works in the world to bring glory to His name!

Remember in Acts 1:8, just before His ascension into heaven, Jesus promised His followers, “you will be My witnesses both in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and even to the remotest part of the earth.” That is the greater work, and it is an enormous task! If the missional enterprise of the Christian church depended on our own power and resources, it would be a disaster! And when Christians have attempted to carry it out in our own resources and power, it has been just that! But Jesus did not call us to this task in our own power. Before saying that we would be His witnesses, He said these all important words, “You will receive power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you.”

Divine, supernatural work requires divine, supernatural power. And Jesus has promised us the supernatural power that enables us to do this greater work. It is the power of the exalted Savior who has rescued us from sin through His atoning death and resurrection, and who is seated now at the right hand of the Father as our Mediator, assuring us that our prayers are effective as they are prayed in His name from a life of intimate obedience. He has promised even to live within us in the person of the Holy Spirit, granting us the unlimited and unstoppable power of God as we engage in the greater work.

The world is crying out for Christians to be more like Christ and to do the things that Christ Himself has done. Jesus promises us even more than this. He has promised that through us He will do greater things than He did before. He will bring nations before His throne in redeeming grace. Will you pray, in His name, for the salvation of the lost? Your lost friend or family member, coworker or neighbor, even your enemy? Will you pray for the salvation of world leaders? Will you pray for the salvation of entire nations where the name of Jesus has never been mentioned? And will you go, allowing Jesus to work through you, as you share the good news of His saving power to those in your family and circle of friends, to those who live across the street, to those who live across oceans? And will you give generously and sacrificially to enable others to do this? Will you trust the power of the Gospel to do the greatest work in the world?

In a world that is asking Christians to be more like Christ, Jesus is asking the same and then some. The word Christian essentially means “like Christ.” Isn’t it interesting that the Bible says that the church in Antioch were the first people in the world to be called Christians. They were the first ones to be recognized by outsiders as being “like Christ.” What was so special about them? It was here that the a remarkable movement of global missions began, as Jews and Gentiles alike were confronted with the good news of Jesus in that city, and then from that city, as the church sent the first team of missionaries out to start new gospel churches across the Roman Empire. Where that was being done, people said, “Hey, those people are like Christ. Let’s call them Christians.” And ever since, the world has been looking for people that they would recognize as being like Christ. As we do the greater works Jesus has promised us, the world will see His power at work in us as lives are transformed, and they will know that we are Christians, like Christ, because of the greater works that are done in His name.

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[1] E. Stanley Jones, The Christ of the Indian Road (London: Hodder & Stoughton, 1925), 146-147.

[2] Ibid.

[3] Ibid., 563. Mounce cites Temple within this quotation.

[4] C. S. Lewis, Mere Christianity (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 188. 

Knowing, Seeing, and Believing (John 14:7-11)

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Knowing, Seeing, and Believing

John 14:7-11

For many years, every night on CNN, Larry King would sit down across the table from the most important newsmakers in the world to interview them. From celebrities to world leaders, to ordinary folks who endured extraordinary circumstances, Larry King interviewed them all. King was once asked, if he could interview anyone from all of history to interview, who would he choose and what would he ask. King replied that he would like to interview Jesus Christ, saying, “I would like to ask Him if He was indeed virgin-born. The answer to that question would define history for me.”[1]

What about you? If you could ask Jesus Christ one question, what would it be? Many people in the first century had the opportunity to speak face-to-face with Jesus. Many astounding questions were asked. Nicodemus asked Him, “How can a man be born when he is old?” The Samaritan woman at Jacob’s well asked Him, “Where then do You get that living water?” The rich young ruler asked Him, “What good thing shall I do that I may obtain eternal life?” Pilate asked, “What is truth?” Here in verse 8 of our text, Philip indirectly asks Him something even more profound: “Lord, show us the Father, and it is enough for us.” His statement is a desperate appeal to see with his own eyes God Almighty, face-to-face. This, he says, will be “enough”; it will be sufficient; it will satisfy him and the other disciples completely.

In our text today, Jesus speaks to Philip’s request. Verse 7 is what prompts it. Verses 9-11 is how He answers it. But these words are not just for Philip’s benefit. They also help us. Like Philip, we too want to see God. We want to believe in Him and to know Him. It is the underlying motivation for every human endeavor, even when we do not recognize it. So, how can we know God? How can we see Him? How can we believe in Him? Could there be any three greater questions than these? The answer to all three of these questions is the same, and it is very simple. The answer is Jesus. Let’s look at how Jesus presents Himself as the answer to these three all-important questions.

I. To know Jesus is to know God (v7).

Our culture is obsessed with celebrity. There are countless television shows, magazines, and internet sites which exist for the sole purpose of telling us every little thing there is to tell about celebrities: the good, the bad, and the ugly. Spend a couple of hours on the internet, and you can know everything about your favorite singer, actor, or athlete. You can know where they are from, where they went to school, what their family life is like, what kind of car they drive, and what their favorite color is. But, it is one thing to know about someone. It is something else to know them. So it is with God. There are countless books you can read which will tell you a lot about God. Some of them will even tell you the truth about Him. But you can read them all, and walk away knowing much about Him, but not actually knowing Him. To know anyone is to have a personal relationship with them. And the same is true of God. So how can we know Him?

Jesus said, “If you had known Me, you would have known My Father also.” You need to understand what a radical statement this was, and that for two reasons. First, most certainly, it is a direct claim to deity. Jesus is saying rather directly, as He does many times elsewhere in Scripture, that He and the Father are one. This was radical. But it is also radical because to speak of knowing God in this way was unprecedented. In nearly all Old Testament passages wherein we read of the idea of “knowing God,” it is almost always limited to a future experience, not a present one. In the Psalms, we find one rare exception, maybe two. People are admonished to know the Lord, but there are few if any who would claim to possess such knowledge. Even when we consider the prophets who claimed to be the very spokesmen of God, C. H. Dodd writes, “I cannot discover a place where a prophet expressly says that he knows God.”[2] But here Jesus claims that this whole situation has changed. Now, the knowledge of God is possible because of Him! His followers really know God, because He is God. To know Jesus is to know God.

Now, notice how Jesus has phrased this: “If you had known Me, you would have known My Father also.” This seems to imply that they didn’t really know Him, and therefore they had not yet come to know God. Of course, there is a sense in which they had known Him – well enough at least to leave behind their homes, their careers, and their families to follow Him. But as of yet, they had not come to know Him in full. Jesus was the perfect revelation of His Father, but there was more to be revealed, even in the next 72 hours. Hence, Jesus says, “From now on you know Him.” What would take place that would make this certain knowledge of God possible? On the following day, Jesus would bear the cross and die, and then rise from death on the third day. These things needed to take place so that the fullness of God’s nature could be completely revealed in Jesus. He is a God of infinite holiness and justice, so there must be a demonstration of His perfect wrath and judgment against sin. But He is also a God of infinite love and mercy, thus He was willing to come and dwell among us in the person of Jesus in order to bear our sins as the righteous substitute and endure the just judgment of wrath that our sins deserve as He died in our place. And He is a God of infinite power and glory, so in the resurrection, it is revealed that He has all authority over sin and death and hell, and is able to save sinners who turn to Him in repentance and faith. And so, having accomplished these things, Jesus makes it possible for sinful men and women who are cut off from the knowledge of God because of our unrighteousness to be born again: to be made new in Him, forgiven and cleansed of sin and clothed in the righteousness of Christ; to have a personal relationship with the Almighty God and to really know Him. Once the atoning work of the cross and resurrection are completed, human beings can really know Jesus in all His fullness, and because of what He has done, we can really know God.

So, to know Jesus is to know God. And we may also say that the only way to know God is to know Jesus. Friends, I know that there are many in the world today who would find that statement utterly offensive, but consider what it would mean if there were other ways to know God. First, it would mean that Jesus did not speak truth in verse 6 when He said that no one can come to the Father but through Him. Second, it would mean that the incarnation of Christ was insignificant. If there were other ways to know God, then Jesus didn’t really need to come into the world, and Christmas is just a big waste of time. And if there were other ways to know God, then it would mean that the Cross and resurrection were unnecessary. He suffered and died, and even rose again, all for nothing. But these things are not so. What prevents us from knowing God is our sin. It is not as though God is playing hide and seek with us. He wants us to know Him. But our sin hinders us from knowing Him. While we could not remedy our own sin, God remedied it for us in Jesus Christ and in Him alone. Friends, while there are many paths which claim to lead to God, there are no other paths which claim to rescue and release you from the bondage of sin. Once we realize that this is our problem, we arrive at the conclusion that Jesus is the only solution. It is only by knowing Him that we can really know God.

II. To see Jesus is to see God (vv8-9).

From time to time I will hear someone say, “I just can’t believe in things that I cannot see.” Sounds like a reasonable thing to say, doesn’t it? Except that everyday life depends on us believing in things we cannot see. We cannot see oxygen. We cannot see gravity or electricity. We cannot see the wind. But we really do believe that those things are real and present, do we not? When we stop to think about it, there are a number of things that we actually believe in which we cannot see. So, can we see God? That is what Philip wants to see. “Lord, show us the Father, and it is enough for us.” It might have seemed like a small thing to ask to Philip, but in reality, what he was asking for was something that no human being had ever been able to experience.

In one sense the request is noble. After all, is there any higher experience that the human imagination could fathom than to see God in all His “unimaginable splendor and transcendent glory”? We long to see beauty. We appreciate the beauty of nature because it shows the handiwork of God. We appreciate the beauty of art because the creation of art is one of the highest forms man has of imitating God. We appreciate the beauty we behold in one another because we were made in God’s image. And if that image within us, which has been marred and defaced by the ugliness of sin, retains such great beauty, then how beautiful must be the vision of God Himself? So, yes, in this sense, Philip’s request is noble.

There is another sense, however, in which his request is audacious. On the one hand, it is audacious because it is an implicit denial of the truth of Jesus’ own words. Had Jesus not just said, “From now on you know Him, and have seen Him”? Philip is essentially saying to Him, “No, we haven’t. We want to, but we have not yet.” To deny the veracity of Jesus’ words is audacious, at the very least.

On the other hand, the request is also audacious in its presumption. It is on par with the request of Moses in Exodus 33. After witnessing all of God’s gracious and powerful acts in the Exodus from Egypt, Moses prayed to the Lord, “Show me Your glory.” But do you remember how the Lord answered Moses? He said, “I Myself will make all My goodness pass before you, and will proclaim the name of the Lord before you;” but, “You cannot see My face, for no man can see Me and live” (Ex 33:18-20). One glimpse of the fullness of the Lord by the eyes of sinful men would incinerate us! There were appearances of the Lord to humanity from time to time in the Old Testament – we call them “theophanies,” appearances of God – yet, in all these instances, the vision of the Lord was mitigated through some means in order to spare the life of the one who saw Him. Even the angels of heaven in Isaiah’s vision had to cover their faces before the holiness and glory of God. Though angels, though Moses, and though all the saints of ancient times were forbidden from seeing God, Philip has the audacity to ask for a special exception.  

Had Jesus responded with a stern rebuke against the presumptiveness of His disciple here, we would not think it unjust. And, in fact, there is a rebuke, but it is a gentle and gracious one. He does not rebuke Philip for asking, but rather because Philip has not already seen what has plainly been shown Him. Jesus says, “Have I been so long with you, and yet you have not come to know Me, Philip? He who has seen Me has seen the Father. How can you say, ‘Show us the Father?” (v9). One scholar writes that “these are words which no mere man has a right to utter.”[3] Another says that “to the ancient world this was the most staggering thing Jesus ever said.”[4] While in previous generations, no one could look upon the Lord and live, in Jesus, we are commanded to look upon Him in order to live, for to see Him is to see the invisible God made manifest in our midst. John said of Him, “No one has seen God at any time; the only begotten God who is in the bosom of the Father, He has explained Him” (John 1:18). When we see Jesus, we see God, for God shows Himself to us in Him.

What does God look like? The simple answer is that He looks like Jesus. If you want to see God, look at Jesus, for He is the visible image of the invisible God. Second Corinthians 4:6 says that we have been given the light of the knowledge of the glory of God in the face of Christ. You recall how in the Second Commandment, God had forbidden all attempts to craft an image as a representation of Him (Ex 20:4). That is because He has only one visible representation: Jesus Christ. But what does Jesus look like? Does He look like the One we see in our stained glass windows? Does He look like the One the Shroud of Turin or the One in Holman Hunt’s famous Head of Christ or DaVinci’s Last Supper? Isn’t it interesting that we really don’t know what Jesus looked like? Of all that the Bible tells us about Jesus, it does not tell us what He looked like. In fact, the only description we have in Scripture of Jesus’ appearance actually tells us what He did not look like. In Isaiah’s majestic depiction of the Suffering Servant, the prophet said of the Messiah, “He has no stately form or majesty that we should look upon Him, nor appearance that we should be attracted to Him” (Isa 53:3).

So, if seeing Jesus is to see God, how can we see Jesus if we don’t know what He looks like today? Philip and his fellow disciples could look upon Him face-to-face, but we cannot. I think it says something profound to us, that when God chose to provide an enduring testament to His glory and grace, He did not inspire men to draw pictures. He inspired them to write words. We often hear it said that the contemporary era in which we live is the “age of the eye,” where a picture is worth a thousand words and seeing is believing. Our eyes are bombarded with images every day, and yet when we come to the Bible, and when we come to church, we are met with words rather than pictures. Are we woefully behind the times? No, in fact, every era has aspired to be “the age of the eye.” Remember what attracted Eve to the forbidden fruit? She “saw that the tree was good for food, and that it was a delight to the eyes” (Gen 3:6).  But no person since Adam and Eve has ever lived in the age of the eye. Ever since the entrance of sin into the human race, we have lived in the “age of the ear.”[5] Romans 10:17 tells us that “faith comes from hearing, and hearing by the word of Christ.” The age of the eye is yet to come. The Bible promises to those who have believed on Jesus through His word that we will “see Him as He is.” Paul said, “For now we see through a glass, darkly; but then face to face” (1 Cor 13:12 KJV). Only then and there, with new eyes that can withstand the vision, will we be able to see Him with our eyes. Until that day, we have the Word of God to tell us what God is like as He is revealed through Jesus Christ. We see Him, as it were, with our ears here and now. We have this perfect record of Jesus Christ, and when we see Him with our ears as we give attention to God’s word, we behold God in Him. We cry out like Philip, “Show us the Father, and that will be enough.” Jesus says to us, even as He did to Philip, “You have seen Him, for when you see Me – even when you behold Me by the eye of faith – you see Him.” And it is enough.

To know Jesus is to know God. To see Jesus is to see God. We come now to the third issue:

III. To believe Jesus is to believe in God (vv10-11).

Someone sent me a YouTube clip the other evening that I got a real kick out of. It was a guy talking about the power of believing in oneself. He held a big sheet of plywood over his head, and said that he could break with his head by believing in himself. After beating himself senseless numerous times, he finally gave up and stormed off, mumbling aloud, “I don’t believe in myself as much.” He made an outlandish claim, but he couldn’t back it up. Friends, in the history of the world, no one made more outlandish claims than Jesus. But the difference between His claims and those of so many others is that He backed His claims up. Otherwise, we have no reason to believe in Him. As C. S. Lewis famously said, “A man who was merely a man and said the sort of things Jesus said … would either be a lunatic—on a level with a man who says he is a poached egg—or else he would be the Devil of Hell. You must make your choice. Either this man was, and is, the Son of God: or else a madman or something worse.”[6] Jesus said, “If you know Me, you know God. If you have seen Me, you have seen God.” Bold claims. I wonder, do we believe Him?

You notice I said, “believe Him,” not “believe in Him.” There are great numbers of people who claim to believe in Jesus, but I wonder how many actually believe Him?

It is interesting that the only imperative (or command) we find in our text here in John 14 today is the word “Believe.” In verse 11, Jesus does not say, “Believe in Me.” He says, “Believe Me.” This is not a call to turn to Him in saving faith; He is speaking to those who have already done so. But He says to them, “Believe Me.” The issue is that of His reliability. He has said that He is God – to know Him is to know God, to see Him is to see God. Do you believe Him? That is what is at issue here. In verse 10, He says, “Do you not believe that I am in the Father and the Father is in Me?” In verse 11, “Believe Me that I am in the Father and the Father is in Me.” But these are more than just empty words. Jesus offers us something that no maker of outlandish claims is willing to offer: He offers us proof – and not just one evidence, but two.

Why should we believe Jesus in what He says about Himself and His unique role and relationship with God the Father? He says, “The words that I say to you I do not speak on My own initiative.” Previously, Jesus had said, “My teaching is not Mine, but His who sent Me” (7:16). He said, “[I] told you the truth, which I heard from God” (8:40). He said, “I did not speak on My own initiative, but the Father Himself who sent Me has given Me a commandment as to what to say and what to speak” (12:49). Jesus is telling His disciples here, “You have heard Me speak, and You know that I have spoken to You the very words of God.” It is as though Jesus invites us to take His words and compare them against the words which God has spoken at times past. The writer of Hebrews said, “God, after He spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many ways, in these last days has spoken to us in His Son” (Heb 1:1-2). You want evidence to believe Jesus? He says you can believe on the basis of His words.

But this is not all. He goes on to say, “the Father abiding in Me does His works. Believe Me that I am in the Father and the Father is in Me; otherwise believe because of the works themselves” (vv10-11). If faith cannot rise to the challenge of taking Jesus at His word, He offers us the evidence of the works which He has done. These are not human works. They are the works of God, that no one other than God could do. Consider how He turned water into wine; how He multiplied five loaves and two fish into a meal that fed thousands; how He raised Lazarus from the dead; how He healed so many with the touch of His hand or the word of His power; consider how He Himself will conquer death in His own resurrection. We call them miracles; He calls them works. What for us is beyond comprehension is for Him all in a day’s work. No mere man can do these things. Only God can do them. He offers us to consider all His works and compare them to any works of man and any works of God. Are these things not consistent with the power and character of God? How then can we conclude that He is not who He claims to be? How could we not believe Him on the basis of both His words and His works?

While John the Baptist was imprisoned and awaiting his execution, he sent messengers to Jesus to ask, “Are you the Expected One, or do we look for someone else?” Jesus answered, “Go and report to John what you have seen and heard: the blind receive sight, the lame walk, the lepers are cleansed, and the deaf hear, the dead are raised up, the poor have the Gospel preached to them” (Lk 7:20-22). The evidence He offered to John is the same that He offers to Philip here, and it is the same He offers us all. His words and His works testify to us that to know Him is to know God; to see Him is to see God; and to believe Him is ultimately the only way to truly believe in God.

Do you know God? The question is not, “Do you know about Him?”, but do you know Him? Have you come into a personal relationship with God? How can you do that? Friends, the only way is through Jesus because of what He has done for you in His life, His death, and His resurrection. He has removed the barrier of sin that kept you separated from God by dying in your place to receive your penalty so that you might be able to know Him. If you know Jesus, you know God.

Have you seen God? To see Jesus is to see God. We must behold Him today with the eye of faith. When we look upon the Christ who is presented to us in the Bible, we see God manifesting Himself as a human being, fully God and fully man. In former times, it was declared that no one could look on God and live. Jesus has come to us, so that by looking upon Him, we may really live. We may have the life that God intended for us to have, abundant and eternal with Him, and then the eye of faith will close, and we will see Him – really see Him with new eyes, face-to-face, in all of His glory. And He will look like Jesus, because He is the visible revelation of the invisible God.

Have you believed Jesus? You may say, “If I didn’t believe in Jesus, I wouldn’t be here.” But the question is not “Do you believe in Him?” It is, “Do you believe Him?” Do you believe what He says about who He is and what He has done? He says that He is God, and He offers us the evidence of His words and His works to validate His claim. Do you believe Him? If you believe Him, then you have believed God, and believed in God. For if the God in whom you believe is not the One who has come to us in the Person of Jesus Christ, then you believe in a false god, the figment of one’s imagination, and an idol who is powerless to save. But this God came to us in order to save us. You can believe Him in all that He says about Himself, about you, about life, death, heaven, and hell. Believe Him, for only in so doing can you truly believe in the One True God.

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[1] Quoted in Ravi Zacharias, Can Man Live Without God? (Dallas: Word, 1994), xviii.

[2] C. H. Dodd, The Interpretation of the Fourth Gospel (Cambridge: University Press, 1998), 163.

[3] Leon Morris, The Gospel According to John (New International Commentary on the New Testament: Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1971), 643.

[4] William Barclay, The Gospel of John (Daily Study Bible; Philadelphia: Westminster, 1975), 2:159.

[5] Jonathan Leeman, Reverberation (Chicago: Moody, 2011), 18-22.

[6] C. S. Lewis, Mere Christianity (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 52.